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Turning the instrument upside down and actuating the valves may also release fluid stuck in the valve slides into the main tubing of the instrument, where it can then be emptied by turning the instrument or by using a water key on the main tubing. Some trumpet designs, notably Bach Stradivarius trumpets in B♭, lack a water key on the third ...
"Cor solo" (natural horn) – Raoux, Paris, 1797 – Paris, Musée de la Musique (with a double-loop crook located within the body of the horn).. A crook, also sometimes called a shank, is an exchangeable segment of tubing in a natural horn (or other brass instrument, such as a natural trumpet) which is used to change the length of the pipe, altering the fundamental pitch and harmonic series ...
This family includes all of the modern brass instruments except the trombone: the trumpet, horn (also called French horn), euphonium, and tuba, as well as the cornet, flugelhorn, tenor horn (alto horn), baritone horn, sousaphone, and the mellophone. As valved instruments are predominant among the brasses today, a more thorough discussion of ...
The first of these types was the Stölzel valve, bearing the name of its inventor Heinrich Stölzel, who first applied these valves to the French horn in 1814. Until that point, there had been no successful valve design, and horn players had to stop off the bell of the instrument, greatly compromising tone quality to achieve a partial chromatic scale.
The sound of the flugelhorn has been described as halfway between a trumpet and a French horn, whereas the cornet's sound is halfway between a trumpet and a flugelhorn. [6] The flugelhorn is as agile as the cornet but more difficult to control in the high register (from approximately written G 5 ), where in general it locks onto notes less easily.
This, combined with the use of crooks changing the key of the instrument, allowed composers to write fully chromatic music for the horn and almost fully chromatic music for the trumpet before the invention of piston and valve horns and trumpets in the early 19th Century. A stopped note is called gestopft in German and bouché in French. [1]
The experimental E ♭ keyed trumpet was not confined to the natural notes, but was chromatic in all registers of the instrument. [11] Before this, the trumpet was commonly valveless and could only play the notes of the harmonic series by altering the lip tension and embouchure, a group of instruments referred to as natural or Baroque trumpets. [9]
The Foreword states "the trumpet should use a mute unless playing in a very large room, or with a larger string orchestra." [3] Trumpet (or English Horn, or Oboe or Clarinet) A string quartet or string orchestra (con sordini). The Foreword states that the group "if possible, should be 'off stage', or away from the trumpet and flutes."