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During the German suppression of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, around 70 to 80% of libraries were carefully burned by the Brandkommandos (burning detachments), whose mission was to burn Warsaw. [13] In October 1944 the Załuski Library , the oldest public library in Poland and one of the oldest and most important libraries in Europe (established ...
The siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army (Polish: Armia Warszawska, Armia Warszawa) garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw and the invading German Army. [ 1 ] : 70–78 It began with huge aerial bombardments initiated by the Luftwaffe starting on September 1, 1939 following the German invasion of Poland .
In 1939, the Luftwaffe opened the German attack on Poland with operation Wasserkante, an air attack on Warsaw on 1 September. This attack by four bomber groups was of limited effectiveness due to low-lying cloud cover and stout Polish resistance by the PZL P.11 fighters of the Pursuit Brigade, which claimed down 16 German aircraft for the loss of 10 of their own.
Ruined Warsaw in January 1945. As the German army retreated during the later stages of the Second World War, many of the urban areas of what is now Poland were severely damaged as a result of military action between the retreating forces of the German Wehrmacht and advancing ones of the Soviet Red Army.
The largest executions occurred in the so-called inter-wall area (Wąski Dunaj Street ), where between 70 [10] and 100 people, [11] mainly wounded insurgents, were shot. Their bodies were burned, and when Warsaw residents returned to the Old Town in January 1945, they discovered a bathtub filled with human ashes on Wąski Dunaj Street. [12]
Warsaw Uprising; Part of Operation Tempest of the Polish Resistance and the Eastern Front of World War II: Clockwise from top left: Civilians construct an anti-tank ditch in Wola district; German anti-tank gun in Theatre Square; Home Army soldier defending a barricade; Ruins of Bielańska Street; Insurgents leave the city ruins after surrendering to German forces; Allied transport planes ...
Plaque in Warsaw commemorating Brandt's action. Kniefall von Warschau (lit. ' Warsaw kneeling ' or ' Warsaw kneel '), also referred to as Warschauer Kniefall, refers to West German Chancellor Willy Brandt's gesture of genuflection before a memorial to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising during a state visit to Poland in 1970. [1]
First Russian Empire Census of 1897 recorded Warsaw's population as 61.7% Polish, 27.1% Jewish, 7.3% Russian, 1.7% German and 2,2% others. [26] According to the 1897 census, Warsaw was the third largest city in the Russian Empire (after Moscow and St. Petersburg ), and the largest Polish city located in the Russian partition of Poland .