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  2. K-epsilon turbulence model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-epsilon_turbulence_model

    The exact k-ε equations contain many unknown and unmeasurable terms. For a much more practical approach, the standard k-ε turbulence model (Launder and Spalding, 1974 [3]) is used which is based on our best understanding of the relevant processes, thus minimizing unknowns and presenting a set of equations which can be applied to a large number of turbulent applications.

  3. Turbulence modeling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence_modeling

    In computational fluid dynamics, the k–omega (k–ω) turbulence model [10] is a common two-equation turbulence model that is used as a closure for the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS equations). The model attempts to predict turbulence by two partial differential equations for two variables, k and ω, with the first ...

  4. Turbulence kinetic energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbulence_kinetic_energy

    Turbulence kinetic energy is then transferred down the turbulence energy cascade, and is dissipated by viscous forces at the Kolmogorov scale. This process of production, transport and dissipation can be expressed as: D k D t + ∇ ⋅ T ′ = P − ε , {\displaystyle {\frac {Dk}{Dt}}+\nabla \cdot T'=P-\varepsilon ,} where: [ 1 ]

  5. Menter's Shear Stress Transport - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menter's_Shear_Stress...

    Menter's Shear Stress Transport turbulence model, or SST, is a widely used and robust two-equation eddy-viscosity turbulence model used in Computational Fluid Dynamics.The model combines the k-omega turbulence model and K-epsilon turbulence model such that the k-omega is used in the inner region of the boundary layer and switches to the k-epsilon in the free shear flow.

  6. Category:Turbulence models - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Turbulence_models

    Turbulence models use different methods to model fluctuations inherent in the full Navier-Stokes equations. They are used because the use of the full Navier-Stokes equations is normally computationally impractical.

  7. Energy cascade - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_cascade

    where u i are the components of the fluctuating velocity, the overbar denotes an ensemble average, summation over i is implied, and k is the wavenumber. The energy spectrum, E(k), thus represents the contribution to turbulence kinetic energy by wavenumbers from k to k + dk. The largest eddies have low wavenumber, and the small eddies have high ...

  8. Kármán vortex street - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kármán_vortex_street

    Visualisation of the vortex street behind a circular cylinder in air; the flow is made visible through release of glycerol vapour in the air near the cylinder. In fluid dynamics, a Kármán vortex street (or a von Kármán vortex street) is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices, caused by a process known as vortex shedding, which is responsible for the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid ...

  9. Service (motor vehicle) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_(motor_vehicle)

    A digital service record is an online record of a vehicle's maintenance history. [1] A complete service history usually adds to the resale value of a vehicle. Difference between major and full service: a major service is more comprehensive than a full service; although it covers all the same checks that a full service does, a major service will ...

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