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Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid follicles, named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer. [1] They are an important part of gut associated lymphoid tissue usually found in humans in the lowest portion of the small intestine, mainly in the distal jejunum and the ileum, but also could be detected in the duodenum.
The mesenteric lymph nodes or mesenteric glands are one of the three principal groups of superior mesenteric lymph nodes and lie between the layers of the mesentery. They number from one hundred to one hundred and fifty, and are sited as two main groups:
The inferior mesenteric lymph nodes consist of: (a) small glands on the branches of the left colic and sigmoid arteries (b) a group in the sigmoid mesocolon, around the superior hemorrhoidal artery (c) a pararectal group in contact with the muscular coat of the rectum
The solitary lymphatic nodules are found scattered throughout the mucous membrane of the small intestine, but are most numerous in the lower part of the ileum.. Their free surfaces are covered with rudimentary villi, except at the summits, and each gland is surrounded by the openings of the intestinal glands.
However, it is not specific and can be found in other conditions such as mesenteric oedema, lymphedema, haemorrhage, and presence of neoplastic and inflammatory cells must be excluded. Mesenteric lymph nodes are rarely larger than 10 mm in sclerosing mesenteritis. Larger lymph nodes should prompt further investigations with PET scan or biopsy. [7]
The commonly involved lymph nodes are mesenteric nodes and omental nodes. They usually have central areas of caseous necrosis. [2] Peritoneal tuberculosis: Peritoneal tuberculosis most often presents as abdominal pain and ascites. It can occur most commonly following re-activation of a latent focus of tuberculosis. [3]
However, inguinal lymph nodes of up to 15 mm and cervical lymph nodes of up to 20 mm are generally normal in children up to age 8–12. [ 38 ] Lymphadenopathy of more than 1.5–2 cm increases the risk of cancer or granulomatous disease as the cause rather than only inflammation or infection .
The mesentery of the small intestine arises from the root of the mesentery (or mesenteric root) and is the part connected with the structures in front of the vertebral column. The root is narrow, about 15 cm long, 20 cm in width, and is directed obliquely from the duodenojejunal flexure at the left side of the second lumbar vertebra to the ...
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