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The formal charge of any atom in a molecule can be calculated by the following equation: = where V is the number of valence electrons of the neutral atom in isolation (in its ground state); L is the number of non-bonding valence electrons assigned to this atom in the Lewis structure of the molecule; and B is the total number of electrons shared ...
An ion is an atom (or group of atoms) that has lost one or more electrons, giving it a net positive charge (cation), or that has gained one or more electrons, giving it a net negative charge (anion). Monatomic ions are formed from single atoms, while polyatomic ions are formed from two or more atoms that have been bonded together, in each case ...
Forming an ionic bond, Li and F become Li + and F − ions. An ion (/ ˈ aɪ. ɒ n,-ən /) [1] is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge. The charge of an electron is considered to be negative by convention and this charge is equal and opposite to the charge of a proton, which is considered to be positive by convention. The net charge ...
A monovalent ion requires one electron for discharge, a divalent ion requires two electrons for discharge and so on. Thus, if x electrons flow, x v {\displaystyle {\tfrac {x}{v}}} atoms are discharged.
The ion mass is expressed in units of the proton mass, = / and the ion charge in units of the elementary charge, = / (in the case of a fully ionized atom, equals to the respective atomic number). The other physical quantities used are the Boltzmann constant ( k B {\displaystyle k_{\text{B}}} ), speed of light ( c {\displaystyle c} ), and the ...
Charge number or valence [1] of an ion is the coefficient that, when multiplied by the elementary charge, gives the ion's charge. [ 2 ] For example, the charge on a chloride ion, C l − {\displaystyle \mathrm {Cl} ^{-}} , is − 1 ⋅ e {\displaystyle -1\cdot e} , where e is the elementary charge.
The molar ionic strength, I, of a solution is a function of the concentration of all ions present in that solution. [3]= = where one half is because we are including both cations and anions, c i is the molar concentration of ion i (M, mol/L), z i is the charge number of that ion, and the sum is taken over all ions in the solution.
The relation between C, the counter ion concentration at the surface, and , the counter ion concentration in the external solution, is the Boltzmann factor: = where z is the charge on the ion, e is the charge of a proton, k B is the Boltzmann constant and ψ is the potential of the charged surface.