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Antiphospholipid syndrome is known for causing arterial or venous blood clots, in any organ system, and pregnancy-related complications.While blood clots and pregnancy complications are the most common and diagnostic symptoms associated with APS, other organs and body parts may be affected like platelet levels, heart, kidneys, brain, and skin.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS), also known as Asherson's syndrome, is a rare autoimmune disease in which widespread, intravascular clotting causes multi-organ failure. [1] The syndrome is caused by antiphospholipid antibodies that target a group of proteins in the body that are associated with phospholipids .
Livedo reticularis is a common skin finding consisting of a mottled reticulated vascular pattern that appears as a lace-like purplish discoloration of the skin. [1] The discoloration is caused by reduction in blood flow through the arterioles that supply the cutaneous capillaries, resulting in deoxygenated blood showing as blue discoloration ().
The main indication for testing for lupus anticoagulant is a suspected antiphospholipid syndrome, whose main manifestations are blood clots in both arteries and veins as well as pregnancy-related complications such as miscarriage, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and severe preeclampsia. [8]
Livedoid vasculopathy has been linked to rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, polyarteritis nodosa, mixed and undifferentiated connective tissue diseases, and Sjogren's syndrome. Individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus who also have antiphospholipid antibody syndrome are more vulnerable. [9]
Autoantibodies may be present including antinuclear, antiphospholipid, and anticardiolipin antibodies. [citation needed] The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein levels tend to be raised. [citation needed] Biopsies: Skin biopsies show inflammation of the capillaries and microthrombosis. Immunoglobulin M and C3 deposition may be ...
Libman–Sacks endocarditis is a form of non-bacterial endocarditis that is seen in association with systemic lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome, and malignancies. It is one of the most common cardiac manifestations of lupus (the most common being pericarditis ).
There are autoimmune causes of coagulation disorders. They include acquired antibodies to coagulation factors, termed inhibitors of coagulation. The main inhibitor is directed against clotting factor VIII. Another example is antiphospholipid syndrome, an autoimmune, hypercoagulable state. [citation needed]