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Histamine has two basic centres, namely the aliphatic amino group and whichever nitrogen atom of the imidazole ring does not already have a proton. Under physiological conditions, the aliphatic amino group (having a pK a around 9.4) will be protonated, whereas the second nitrogen of the imidazole ring (pK a ≈ 5.8) will not be protonated. [11]
Mast cell activation syndrome (MCAS) is a term referring to one of two types of mast cell activation disorder (MCAD); the other type is idiopathic MCAD. [1] MCAS is an immunological condition in which mast cells, a type of white blood cell, inappropriately and excessively release chemical mediators, such as histamine, resulting in a range of chronic symptoms, sometimes including anaphylaxis or ...
The manifestations of histamine intolerance are usually systemic, affecting the entire body; still, these symptoms are often sporadic and non-specific. [5] [6] [7] The onset of symptoms is usually shortly (within a few hours) after specific food or drink consumption, and subsequent remission usually happens in 4-8 weeks of dieting, [8] that is excluding food that causes the onset of symptoms.
They play an important role in the immune defence against bacteria and parasites. By releasing chemical "alarms" such as histamine, mast cells attract other key players of the immune defense system to areas of the body where they are needed. [citation needed] Mast cells seem to have other roles as well.
Mast cells serve the same general functions in the body and central nervous system, such as effecting or regulating allergic responses, innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and inflammation. [4] [18] Across systems, mast cells serve as the main effector cell through which pathogens can affect the gut–brain axis. [19] [20]
People prone to anaphylaxis are advised to have an allergy action plan. Parents are advised to inform schools of their children's allergies and what to do in case of an anaphylactic emergency. The action plan usually includes use of epinephrine autoinjectors , the recommendation to wear a medical alert bracelet , and counseling on avoidance of ...
“About 10% of infertile couples will actually have a zero sperm count, which is much more common than people really know,” Coward says. But even once conception has occurred, the role of sperm ...
[1] [2] Histamine is a neurotransmitter involved in various physiological processes. There are four main types of histamine receptors: H1, H2, H3, and H4. H1 receptors are linked to allergic responses, H2 to gastric acid regulation, H3 to neurotransmitter release modulation, and H4 to immune system function. There are four known histamine ...