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This is a list of hash functions, including cyclic redundancy checks, checksum functions, and cryptographic hash functions. This list is incomplete ; you can help by adding missing items . ( February 2024 )
For example, SHA-256 operates on 512-bit blocks. The size of the output of HMAC is the same as that of the underlying hash function (e.g., 256 and 512 bits in the case of SHA-256 and SHA3-512, respectively), although it can be truncated if desired. HMAC does not encrypt the message.
A checksum is a small-sized block of data derived from another block of digital data for the purpose of detecting errors that may have been introduced during its transmission or storage. By themselves, checksums are often used to verify data integrity but are not relied upon to verify data authenticity .
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20] In this example, the sender of a message runs it through a MAC algorithm to produce a MAC data tag. The message and the MAC tag are then sent to the receiver. The message and the MAC tag are then sent to the receiver.
Checksum algorithms, such as CRC32 and other cyclic redundancy checks, are designed to meet much weaker requirements and are generally unsuitable as cryptographic hash functions. For example, a CRC was used for message integrity in the WEP encryption standard, but an attack was readily discovered, which exploited the linearity of the checksum.
An example of such a language is SQL, though it is one that Codd regarded as seriously flawed. [2] The objectives of normalization beyond 1NF (first normal form) were stated by Codd as: To free the collection of relations from undesirable insertion, update and deletion dependencies.
Strong password storage: When implemented in a right way, the server can store the passwords in a salted, iterated hash format, making offline attacks harder, and decreasing the impact of database breaches. [8] Simplicity: Implementing SCRAM is easier [9] than DIGEST-MD5. [10]