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Desegregation busing (also known simply as busing or integrated busing or forced busing) was an attempt to diversify the racial make-up of schools in the United States by sending students to school districts other than their own. [1] While the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v.
As a federal judge, Garrity was at the center of a contentious battle over desegregation busing in Boston from the 1970s to the 1980s. He found a recurring pattern of racial discrimination in the operation of the Boston public schools in a 1974 ruling. [3] His ruling found the schools were unconstitutionally segregated. [3]
Robert Dentler, a sociologist who helped Judge Garrity draft the busing plan, criticized Common Ground for "distorted, questionable legends" and a "docudramatic method of reporting" that "cloak[ed] the ignorance, fear, and hostility of the minority of citizens in the white enclaves of Boston who initiated racial violence in the robe of civic innocence."
Freedom of Choice, or Free transfer plan, was the name for a number of plans developed in the United States during 1965–1970, aimed at the integration of schools in states that had a segregated educational system.
The decision came after three board members called a special meeting to vote on the busing plan. Related: JCPS board members vote to end magnet transportation for all but two high schools.
The desegregation of Boston public schools (1974–1988) was a period in which the Boston Public Schools were under court control to desegregate through a system of busing students. The call for desegregation and the first years of its implementation led to a series of racial protests and riots that brought national attention, particularly from ...
In 1972 the Court ordered the Board to follow the "Finger Plan" that would bus black children to all white schools in grades, and bus white children to all black schools. In 1977 the Board filed a "Motion to Close Case" which was granted after the Court found that "substantial compliance with the constitutional requirements had been achieved":
The proposed transportation plan, if implemented, would operate in direct opposition to the ideals of equity this district claims to support, and would be in direct violation of the racial equity ...