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Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a type of immune-mediated autonomic failure that is associated with antibodies against the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia. Typical symptoms include gastrointestinal dysmotility, orthostatic hypotension, and tonic pupils. [1]
Because ganglionic blockers block both the parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system, the effect of these drugs depends upon the dominant tone in the organ system. [2] The opposite of a ganglionic blocker is referred to as a ganglionic stimulant. Some substances can exhibit both stimulating and blocking effects on autonomic ...
Autonomic drugs are substances that can either inhibit or enhance the functions of the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. This type of drug can be used to treat a wide range of diseases an disorders, including glaucoma , asthma , and disorders of the urinary , gastrointestinal and circulatory systems.
Ganglionated plexi (GP, also called Ganlionic plexi) comprise the intrinsic cardiac autonomic nervous system composed of autonomic ganglia of the heart atrium and ventricles. [1] Cholinergic neurons throughout the GPs project to all areas of the heart, [ 2 ] The GP are embedded in the epicardial fat pads, consisting of only a few neurons or as ...
An autonomic ganglion is a cluster of nerve cell bodies (a ganglion) in the autonomic nervous system. The two types are the sympathetic ganglion and the parasympathetic ganglion . [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
In the sympathetic division, neurons are mostly adrenergic (that is, epinephrine and norepinephrine function as the primary neurotransmitters). Notable exceptions to this rule include the sympathetic innervation of sweat glands and arrectores pilorum muscles where the neurotransmitter at both pre and post ganglionic synapses is acetylcholine .
Antinicotinic agents are classified into ganglionic blockers and neuromuscular blockers. Ganglionic blockers are of little clinical use as they act at all autonomic ganglions. [1] [2] They act by: Interfering acetylcholine release; Prolonged depolarization (depolarisation block), i.e. stimulation then block stimulation
Anticholinergic drugs are used to treat a variety of conditions: Dizziness (including vertigo and motion sickness-related symptoms) Extrapyramidal symptoms, a potential side-effect of antipsychotic medications; Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g., peptic ulcers, diarrhea, pyloro spasm, diverticulitis, ulcerative colitis, nausea, and vomiting)