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Alkaline hydrolysis of esters is also known as saponification. A base such as sodium hydroxide is required in stochiometric amounts. Unlike acid-catalyzed ester hydrolysis, it is not an equilibrium reaction and proceeds to completion. Hydroxide ion attacks the carbonyl carbon to give a tetrahedral intermediate, which then expels an alkoxide ion.
The classic example of a dehydration reaction is the Fischer esterification, which involves treating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol to give an ester RCO 2 H + R′OH ⇌ RCO 2 R′ + H 2 O. Often such reactions require the presence of a dehydrating agent, i.e. a substance that reacts with water.
An ester of carboxylic acid.R stands for any group (organic or inorganic) and R′ stands for organyl group.. In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group (−OH) of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (−R).
This page contains tables of azeotrope data for various binary and ternary mixtures of solvents. The data include the composition of a mixture by weight (in binary azeotropes, when only one fraction is given, it is the fraction of the second component), the boiling point (b.p.) of a component, the boiling point of a mixture, and the specific gravity of the mixture.
Ortho esters are readily hydrolyzed in mild aqueous acid to form esters: . RC(OR ′) 3 + H 2 O → RCO 2 R ′ + 2 R ′ OH. For example, trimethyl orthoformate CH(OCH 3) 3 may be hydrolyzed (under acidic conditions) to methyl formate and methanol; [5] and may be further hydrolyzed (under alkaline conditions) to salts of formic acid and methanol.
Acyloin condensation is a reductive coupling of two carboxylic esters using impure metallic sodium to yield an α-hydroxyketone, also known as an acyloin. [1] [2] [3] The acyloin condensation. The reaction is most successful when R is aliphatic and saturated, and typically performed with a silyl chloride reactant to trap the product as a ...
In addition to the ordinary thermal phenyl ester reaction a photochemical variant is possible. The photo-Fries rearrangement can likewise give [1,3] and [1,5] products, [7] [8] which involves a radical reaction mechanism. This reaction is also possible with deactivating substituents on the aromatic group. Because the yields are low this ...
Download as PDF; Printable version; ... benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate [1] ... It is the product of the glycolysis reaction of PET with Ethylene glycol. References