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where N v is the vacancy concentration, Q v is the energy required for vacancy formation, k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, and N is the concentration of atomic sites i.e. = where ρ is density, N A the Avogadro constant, and M the molar mass. It is the simplest point defect.
A nearby pair of a vacancy and an interstitial is often called a Frenkel defect or Frenkel pair. This is caused when an ion moves into an interstitial site and creates a vacancy. Due to fundamental limitations of material purification methods, materials are never 100% pure, which by definition induces defects in crystal structure.
For example, the defect may result in an ion on its own ion site or a vacancy on the cation site. To complete the reactions, the proper number of each ion must be present (mass balance), an equal number of sites must exist (site balance), and the sums of the charges of the reactants and products must also be equal (charge balance).
Material failure theory is an interdisciplinary field of materials science and solid mechanics which attempts to predict the conditions under which solid materials fail under the action of external loads.
In materials science, an interstitial defect is a type of point crystallographic defect where an atom of the same or of a different type, occupies an interstitial site in the crystal structure. When the atom is of the same type as those already present they are known as a self-interstitial defect .
A Schottky defect is an excitation of the site occupations in a crystal lattice leading to point defects named after Walter H. Schottky. In ionic crystals , this defect forms when oppositely charged ions leave their lattice sites and become incorporated for instance at the surface, creating oppositely charged vacancies .
In crystallography, a Frenkel defect is a type of point defect in crystalline solids, named after its discoverer Yakov Frenkel. [1] The defect forms when an atom or smaller ion (usually cation) leaves its place in the structure, creating a vacancy and becomes an interstitial by lodging in a nearby location. [2]
Simplified atomic structure of the NV center. The nitrogen-vacancy center (N-V center or NV center) is one of numerous photoluminescent point defects in diamond.Its most explored and useful properties include its spin-dependent photoluminescence (which enables measurement of the electronic spin state using optically detected magnetic resonance), and its relatively long (millisecond) spin ...