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The signs and symptoms of NCS are all derived from the outflow obstruction of the left renal vein. The compression causes renal vein hypertension, leading to hematuria (which can lead to anemia) [4] and abdominal pain (classically left flank or pelvic pain). [5] The abdominal pain may improve or worsen depending on positioning. [5]
Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is a medical condition characterized by blood pooling in the veins, leading to increased pressure and strain on the vein walls. [1] The most common cause of CVI is superficial venous reflux, which often results in the formation of varicose veins, a treatable condition. [2]
The straight angle between the ovarian vein (or testicular vein in males in the case of varicocoele) and the renal vein has been proposed as a cause of decreased blood return. [citation needed] A related diagnosis is nutcracker syndrome where the left renal vein is described as being compressed between the aorta and the superior mesenteric ...
The left gonadal vein usually empties into (inferior aspect of) [2] the ipsilateral renal vein [2] [3]: 1144 proximally to where the renal vein crossing over the aorta. [2] The right gonadal vein typically empties directly into the (right anterolateral aspect of) inferior vena cava, joining it at an acute angle, some 2 cm inferior to the ...
The venous angle (also known as Pirogoff's angle and in Latin as angulus venosus) is the junction where the ipsilateral internal jugular vein and subclavian vein unite to form the ipsilateral brachiocephalic vein. [1] [2] The thoracic duct drains at the left venous angle, and the right lymphatic duct drains at the right
The right brachiocephalic vein is about 2.5cm long. [3] The right vein is formed by the confluence of the right subclavian vein and the right internal jugular vein. It receives the following tributaries: The right vertebral vein, the internal thoracic vein, and the thyroid veins, and occasionally from the first right posterior intercostal veins ...
The left superior vena cava is not shown in this image. In anatomy , a persistent left superior vena cava is the most common variation of the thoracic venous system . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is present in between 0.3% and 0.5% of the population, [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] and is an embryologic remnant that results from a failure to involute .
Portal venous pressure is the blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein, and is normally between 5 and 10 mmHg. [1] Raised portal venous pressure is termed portal hypertension, [2] and has numerous sequelae such as ascites and hepatic encephalopathy. [3] [4]