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A description of the projective geometry can be constructed in the geometric algebra using basic operations. For example, given two distinct points in RP n−1 represented by vectors a and b the line containing them is given by a ∧ b (or b ∧ a). Two lines intersect in a point if A ∧ B = 0 for their bivectors A and B. This point is given ...
In the study of geometric algebras, a k-blade or a simple k-vector is a generalization of the concept of scalars and vectors to include simple bivectors, trivectors, etc. Specifically, a k-blade is a k-vector that can be expressed as the exterior product (informally wedge product) of 1-vectors, and is of grade k. In detail: [1] A 0-blade is a ...
In mathematics, a geometric algebra (also known as a Clifford algebra) is an algebra that can represent and manipulate geometrical objects such as vectors.Geometric algebra is built out of two fundamental operations, addition and the geometric product.
Bipolar coordinates are a two-dimensional orthogonal coordinate system based on the Apollonian circles. [1] There is also a third system, based on two poles ( biangular coordinates ). The term "bipolar" is further used on occasion to describe other curves having two singular points (foci), such as ellipses , hyperbolas , and Cassini ovals .
Diagram showing vectors used to define the BRDF. All vectors are unit length. points toward the light source. points toward the viewer (camera). is the surface normal.. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), symbol (,), is a function of four real variables that defines how light from a source is reflected off an opaque surface. It is employed in the optics of real-world ...
When modelling relations between two different classes of objects, bipartite graphs very often arise naturally. For instance, a graph of football players and clubs, with an edge between a player and a club if the player has played for that club, is a natural example of an affiliation network, a type of bipartite graph used in social network analysis.
Forum Geometricorum: A Journal on Classical Euclidean Geometry was a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal that specialized in mathematical research papers on Euclidean geometry. [ 1 ] Founded in 2001, it was published by Florida Atlantic University and was indexed by Mathematical Reviews [ 2 ] and Zentralblatt MATH . [ 3 ]
In differential geometry, the Gauss map of a surface is a function that maps each point in the surface to a unit vector that is orthogonal to the surface at that point. Namely, given a surface X in Euclidean space R 3 , the Gauss map is a map N : X → S 2 (where S 2 is the unit sphere ) such that for each p in X , the function value N ( p ) is ...