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Jyotirao Phule (1827–1890) vehemently criticised any explanations that the caste system was natural and ordained by the Creator in Hindu texts. If Brahma wanted castes, argued Phule, he would have ordained the same for other creatures. There are no castes in species of animals or birds, so why should there be one among human animals.
Varna (Sanskrit: वर्ण, romanized: varṇa, Hindi pronunciation: ['ʋəɾɳə]), in the context of Hinduism, [1] refers to a social class within a hierarchical traditional Hindu society. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The ideology of varna is epitomized in texts like Manusmriti , [ 1 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] which describes and ranks four varnas, and prescribes their ...
[3] [4] Some sources translate it into English as a caste, [4] or as a social class. Theoretically, Shudras constituted a class like workers. [2] [5] [6] According to Richard Gombrich's study of Buddhist texts, particularly relating to castes in Sri Lankan Buddhist and Tamil Hindu society,
The Census Commissioner had this to say, "The principle suggested as a basis was that of classification by social precedence as recognized by native public opinion at the present day, and manifesting itself in the facts that particular castes are supposed to be the modern representatives of one or other of the castes of the theoretical Hindu ...
Bengali Hindu castes (24 P) Brahmins (5 C, 28 P) Bunt (community) (1 C, 11 P) C. Charan (2 C, 31 P) Chettiar (4 P) D. Dalit (9 C, 33 P) ... Pages in category "Indian ...
The term Dalit is for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. [6] [7] Economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) said that untouchability came into Indian society around 400 CE, due to the struggle for supremacy between Buddhism and Brahmanism. [8]
The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius J. Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses polycentrically, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi ...
[4] The paradigmatic ethnographic example of caste is the division of India's Hindu society into rigid social groups. ... Members of various Hindu castes, 1874.