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Clar's rule states that for a benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (i.e. one with only hexagonal rings), the resonance structure with the largest number of disjoint aromatic π-sextets is the most important to characterize its chemical and physical properties. Such a resonance structure is called a Clar structure. In other words, a ...
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Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
English: Diagram depicting resonance structures of nitrobenzene. Date: 22 July 2011, 17:23 (UTC) Source: Own work: Author: Ed : Permission (Reusing this file)
Resonance structures of benzene 1,2,3-Cyclohexatriene. Cyclohexatriene may refer to: 1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene and 2,4,6-cyclohexatriene, theoretical resonance isomers of ...
On the other hand, the nitrobenzene resonance structures have positive charges around the ring system: The nitro group can withdraw electron density through resonance. Attack occurs at the meta position, since the (partial) formal positive charges at the ortho and para positions indicate electron deficiency at these positions.
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Two hydrogen atoms bonded to one carbon lie in a plane perpendicular to the benzene ring. [4] The arenium ion is no longer an aromatic species; however it is relatively stable due to delocalization: the positive charge is delocalized over 3 carbon atoms by the pi system, as depicted on the following resonance structures: