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Klamath Lake AFA, also called Klamath Lake Blue Green Algae and Klamath AFA (Aphanizomenon flos-aquae MDT14a), is a strain of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Small amounts of this cyanobacteria can be found in bodies of water worldwide, [ 1 ] but it is notable for growing prolifically in Upper Klamath Lake , Oregon .
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae is a diverse group of cyanobacteria with both toxic and non-toxic [1] [2] strains found in brackish and freshwater environments globally, including the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes. Recent genome sequencing efforts have identified 18 distinct varieties [3] of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, revealing its genetic complexity.
The prefix cyan comes from the Greek κύανoς meaning "a dark blue substance", [19] and usually indicates any of a number of colours in the blue/green range of the spectrum. Cyanobacteria are commonly referred to as blue-green algae. Traditionally they were thought of as a form of algae, and were introduced as such in older textbooks.
The Karuk people define themselves by the Klamath River, just as the Romans did the Tiber or the Egyptians did the Nile. The word “Karuk” means “upstream,” a reference to the waterway ...
Anatoxin-a is toxic to the nerves in animals and is very lethal to humans with a lethal dose thought to be less than 5 mg. [12] Similarly to anatoxin-a, BMAAs are another type of neurotoxin that lingers inside animals for longer than anatoxin-a. It will keep affecting animals even after an algal bloom dies down.
It isn't that the Klamath river is not capable of producing toxic blue green algae: even AFA will produce toxins, and the Cell Tech product was seized by the FDA in 1983 for containing toxins. Since then, Cell Tech, the big multilevel promoter of Klamath AFA, has tested its samples more carefully.
Microcystins—or cyanoginosins—are a class of toxins produced by certain cyanobacteria, commonly known as blue-green algae. [3] Over 250 [4] different microcystins have been discovered so far, of which microcystin-LR is the most common. Chemically they are cyclic heptapeptides produced through nonribosomal peptide synthases. [5]
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