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Few Han Chinese complied with the edicts, and Kangxi eventually abandoned the effort in 1668. By the 19th century, it was estimated that 40–50% of Chinese women had bound feet. Among upper class Han Chinese women, the figure was almost 100%. [5] Bound feet became a mark of beauty and were also a prerequisite for finding a husband.
The process of altering one's foot often was urged on young girls and took years to fully finish. The damage to women's feet was irreversible and affected mobility. [7] There was a fair amount of backlash to this tradition by missionaries and Chinese reformists. However, women continued to wear lotus shoes until around the 1950s. [3]
A comparison between a woman with normal feet (left) and a woman with bound feet in 1902. Foot binding was a custom practiced on young girls and women for approximately one thousand years in China, beginning in the 10th century. In Chinese society, bound feet were considered beautiful and erotic.
In poor families, women's feet might not be bound or, even if they were, the woman would work in the family's fields. [115] Though the Qing attempted to end the practice (Manchu women were forbidden from binding their feet), doing so among the Han Chinese proved impossible. [116]
Archeologists in China have found potential evidence of “yue,” an ancient Chinese punishment that involved cutting off a person’s foot. Published in Acta Anthropologica Sinica, the work is ...
Since then, Manchu women wore the high, stilt-like platform shoes. [2] When the Manchu conquered China in the Qing dynasty, they forbade Manchu women from binding their feet like the Han Chinese women. [4] It is sometimes suggested that the Manchu platforms shoes were used to imitate the gait of the Han Chinese women with bound feet. [2]
"Femininity" does not refer to an aspect of a dichotomy between mind and body, as there is no such dichotomy in Chinese philosophy. Women in China also expands on these ideals, delving into the impact women have in Chinese society. [8] Thus, historically, the religious influences on Chinese beauty ideals closely tied outer beauty to inner beauty.
The Tian Zu Hui (Natural Foot Society), was a Chinese organization against foot binding, founded in 1895. It was the first secular mass organization against foot binding in China. It was founded by ten women of different nationalities under the leadership of Alicia Little in Shanghai in 1895.