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In mathematics, an immersion is a differentiable function between differentiable manifolds whose differential pushforward is everywhere injective. [1] Explicitly, ...
The notion of a closed immersion is local in the sense that f is a closed immersion if and only if for some (equivalently every) open covering = the induced map : is a closed immersion. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] If the composition Z → Y → X {\displaystyle Z\to Y\to X} is a closed immersion and Y → X {\displaystyle Y\to X} is separated , then Z → Y ...
A two-dimensional representation of the Klein bottle immersed in three-dimensional space. In mathematics, the Klein bottle (/ ˈ k l aɪ n /) is an example of a non-orientable surface; that is, informally, a one-sided surface which, if traveled upon, could be followed back to the point of origin while flipping the traveler upside down.
Analogously, isometric immersion is an immersion between (pseudo)-Riemannian manifolds that preserves the (pseudo)-Riemannian metrics. Equivalently, in Riemannian geometry, an isometric embedding (immersion) is a smooth embedding (immersion) that preserves length of curves (cf. Nash embedding theorem ).
In mathematics, a submersion is a differentiable map between differentiable manifolds whose differential is everywhere surjective. This is a basic concept in differential topology. The notion of a submersion is dual to the notion of an immersion.
This image of the open interval (with boundary points identified with the arrow marked ends) is an immersed submanifold. An immersed submanifold of a manifold is the image of an immersion map :; in general this image will not be a submanifold as a subset, and an immersion map need not even be injective (one-to-one) – it can have self-intersections.
A map is a local diffeomorphism if and only if it is a smooth immersion (smooth local embedding) and an open map.. The inverse function theorem implies that a smooth map : is a local diffeomorphism if and only if the derivative: is a linear isomorphism for all points .
An animation of Boy's surface. In geometry, Boy's surface is an immersion of the real projective plane in three-dimensional space.It was discovered in 1901 by the German mathematician Werner Boy, who had been tasked by his doctoral thesis advisor David Hilbert to prove that the projective plane could not be immersed in three-dimensional space.