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This guideline is intended to summarise the available literature, the advice provided by existing national guidelines and the information from current national practice on the choice of comparator, and to outline some of the challenges arising when establishing what the comparator for a specific assessment should be.
A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a longitudinal cohort study used in medical and psychological research. A cohort of individuals that share a common exposure factor is compared with another group of equivalent individuals not exposed to that factor, to determine the factor's influence on the incidence of a ...
The second is the retrospective think-aloud protocol, gathered after the task as the participant walks back through the steps they took previously, often prompted by a video recording of themselves. There are benefits and drawbacks to each approach, but in general a concurrent protocol may be more complete, while a retrospective protocol has ...
A "prospective cohort" defines the groups before the study is done, while historical studies, which are sometimes referred to as "retrospective cohort", define the grouping after the data is collected. Examples of a retrospective cohort are Long-Term Mortality after Gastric Bypass Surgery [13] and The Lothian Birth Cohort Studies. [14]
Utilization management is "a set of techniques used by or on behalf of purchasers of health care benefits to manage health care costs by influencing patient care decision-making through case-by-case assessments of the appropriateness of care prior to its provision," as defined by the Institute of Medicine [1] Committee on Utilization Management by Third Parties (1989; IOM is now the National ...
Retrospective drug utilization review refers to drug therapy review that after patients have got the medication. [10] The retrospective drug utilization review has a typical process. [12] This is a computer based review. Computer will show data which are in violation of the standard.
Replication in statistics evaluates the consistency of experiment results across different trials to ensure external validity, while repetition measures precision and internal consistency within the same or similar experiments. [5] Replicates Example: Testing a new drug's effect on blood pressure in separate groups on different days.
d-separation; D/M/1 queue; D'Agostino's K-squared test; Dagum distribution; DAP – open source software; Data analysis; Data assimilation; Data binning; Data classification (business intelligence)