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Generalising in another direction, the logarithmic derivative of a power (with constant real exponent) is the product of the exponent and the logarithmic derivative of the base: ′ = ′ = ′, just as the logarithm of a power is the product of the exponent and the logarithm of the base.
The identities of logarithms can be used to approximate large numbers. Note that log b (a) + log b (c) = log b (ac), where a, b, and c are arbitrary constants. Suppose that one wants to approximate the 44th Mersenne prime, 2 32,582,657 −1. To get the base-10 logarithm, we would multiply 32,582,657 by log 10 (2), getting 9,808,357.09543 ...
In calculus, logarithmic differentiation or differentiation by taking logarithms is a method used to differentiate functions by employing the logarithmic derivative of a function f, [1] () ′ = ′ ′ = () ′.
In mathematics, the logarithm to base b is the inverse function of exponentiation with base b. That means that the logarithm of a number x to the base b is the exponent to which b must be raised to produce x. For example, since 1000 = 10 3, the logarithm base of 1000 is 3, or log 10 (1000) = 3.
The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to 2.718 281 828 459. [1] The natural logarithm of x is generally written as ln x , log e x , or sometimes, if the base e is implicit, simply log x .
Using that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors, the sum rule for derivatives gives immediately = = (). The last above expression of the derivative of a product is obtained by multiplying both members of this equation by the product of the f i . {\displaystyle f_{i}.}
representing the area between the rectangular hyperbola = and the x-axis, was a logarithmic function, whose base was eventually discovered to be the transcendental number e. The modern notation for the value of this definite integral is ln ( x ) {\displaystyle \ln(x)} , the natural logarithm.
The complex logarithm is needed to define exponentiation in which the base is a complex number. Namely, if a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are complex numbers with a ≠ 0 {\displaystyle a\not =0} , one can use the principal value to define a b = e b Log a {\displaystyle a^{b}=e^{b\operatorname {Log} a}} .