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The term flashbulb memory was coined by Roger Brown and James Kulik in 1977. [2] They formed the special-mechanism hypothesis, which argues for the existence of a special biological memory mechanism that, when triggered by an event exceeding critical levels of surprise and consequentiality, creates a permanent record of the details and circumstances surrounding the experience. [2]
The Now Print! theory, first proposed by Robert B. Livingston in 1967, is an attempt to explain the neurobiology underlying the flashbulb memory phenomenon. The theory argues that a special mechanism exists in the brain, which issues a now print! order to preserve moments of great personal significance.
Exceptional memory is the ability to have accurate and detailed recall in a variety of ways, including hyperthymesia, eidetic memory, synesthesia, and emotional memory. Exceptional memory is also prevalent in those with savant syndrome and mnemonists .
Flashbulb memories are clear episodic memories of unique and highly emotional events. [55] People remembering where they were or what they were doing when they first heard the news of President Kennedy 's assassination , [ 56 ] the Sydney Siege or of 9/11 are examples of flashbulb memories.
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These memories have been tested in different ways, including measuring the ability to recall details of the event and the impact of additional cues on the recall of the event. [36] Denver, Lane and Cherry found that flashbulb memories that took place in the reminiscence bump were exceptionally vivid and easily accessible. [36]
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In fact, witnesses to violent or traumatic crimes often self-report the memory as being particularly vivid. For this reason, eyewitness memory is often listed as an example of flashbulb memory. However, in a study by Clifford and Scott (1978), participants were shown either a film of a violent crime or a film of a non-violent crime.