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Financial risk management in banking has thus grown markedly in importance since the Financial crisis of 2007–2008. [24] (This has given rise [24] to dedicated degrees and professional certifications.) The major focus here is on credit and market risk, and especially through regulatory capital, includes operational risk.
Examples of bank holding companies include JPMorgan Chase & Co., U.S. Bancorp and Citicorp. A bank holding company is a corporate entity that owns a controlling interest in one or more banks.
Governance activities ensure that critical management information reaching the executive team is sufficiently complete, accurate and timely to enable appropriate management decision making, and provide the control mechanisms to ensure that strategies, directions and instructions from management are carried out systematically and effectively.
The process to manage operational risk is known as operational risk management. The definition of operational risk, adopted by the European Solvency II Directive for insurers, is a variation adopted from the Basel II regulations for banks: "The risk of a change in value caused by the fact that actual losses, incurred for inadequate or failed ...
Government risk manifests when the actions of government increase uncertainty with respect to an organisation, project or activity.. Government risk is considered a general risk categorisation primarily used to describe the potential impact of changes in legislation or policies of the executive branch within existing legislation, uncertainty due to electoral factors or demonstrated behaviour ...
The internal control report must include: a statement of management's responsibility for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the company; management's assessment of the effectiveness of the company's internal control over financial reporting as of the end of the company's most recent fiscal year ...
The Basel II definition of operational risk excludes, for example, strategic risk – the risk of a loss arising from a poor strategic business decision. Other risk terms are seen as potential consequences of operational risk events. For example, reputational risk (damage to an organization through loss of its reputation or standing) can arise ...
Financial risk modeling is the use of formal mathematical and econometric techniques to measure, monitor and control the market risk, credit risk, and operational risk on a firm's balance sheet, on a bank's accounting ledger of tradeable financial assets, or of a fund manager's portfolio value; see Financial risk management.