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Elwood Alfred Towner (c. 1897 – October 6, 1954), [1] [2] who also adopted the title of Chief Red Cloud, was an American attorney, tribal advocate, and antisemitic speaker. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] A mixed-race Native American Hupa [ 5 ] from Portland, Oregon , [ 3 ] Towner was active as a speaker during the late 1930s, making speeches throughout the ...
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A war chief of the Lakota, he took part in Red Cloud's War and Black Hills War. Red Cloud: 1822–1909 1860s–1890s Oglala Lakota: A chief of the Oglala Lakota, he was one of several Lakota leaders who opposed the American settlement of the Great Plains winning a short-lived victory against the U.S. Army during Red Cloud's War. Red Jacket: c ...
Oliver Red Cloud (1919–2013) [21] (son of Charles Red Cloud), leader of the Oglala Lakota (1979–2013). [22] He was a fourth-generation direct descendant of Red Cloud. He was a Speaker of the traditional Lakota Sioux Nation and a chairman of the Black Hills Sioux Nation Treaty Council.
In the early 1870s, American Horse moved to the Red Cloud Agency. He allied himself with the Wagluhe people at Fort Robinson and became a son-in-law to Chief Red Cloud. American Horse soon enlisted as a U.S. Army Indian Scout, and the military made much use of him keeping the young braves quiet and recruiting new scouts. [6] [7]
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American Horse was a signatory to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, along with Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse, his brothers. [3] The treaty was an agreement between the United States and the Lakota Nation guaranteeing the Lakota ownership of the Black Hills "Paha Sapa" and land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming and Montana.
The Oglala flag's red field symbolizes the blood shed by the Sioux in defense of their lands and the very idea of the "red men". A circle of eight white tepees, tops pointing outward, represents the eight districts of the reservation: Porcupine, Wakpammi, Medicine Root, Pass Creek, Eagle Nest, White Clay, LaCreek, and Wounded Knee (FBUS, 260-262).