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Institutional racism, also known as systemic racism, is a form of institutional discrimination based on race or ethnic group and can include policies and practices that exist throughout a whole society or organization that result in and support a continued unfair advantage to some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others.
Institutional racism impacts health care accessibility within non-white minority communities by creating health disparities among racial groups. [27] [28] For example, from 1865 to 1906, many black veterans were unfairly denied disability pension by the Union Army disability pension system. [29]
The term "institutional racism" was first coined in 1967 by Stokely Carmichael and Charles V. Hamilton in Black Power: The Politics of Liberation. [5] Carmichael and Hamilton wrote that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle ...
Cutting just as deep are the wounds yielded by institutional racism. In the land of the free and the home of the brave, when you are anything other than White, you often must spend your life ...
Societal racism is a type of racism based on a set of institutional, historical, cultural and interpersonal practices within a society that places one or more social or ethnic groups in a better position to succeed and disadvantages other groups so that disparities develop between the groups. [1]
Examples of institutionalized discrimination include laws and decisions that reflect racism, such as the Plessy v. Ferguson U.S. Supreme Court case. The court ruled in favor of separate but equal public facilities between African Americans and non-African Americans. This ruling was overturned by the Brown v.
Prejudice plus power attempts to separate forms of racial prejudice from the word racism, which is to be reserved for institutional racism. [19] Critics point out that an individual can not be institutionally racist, because institutional racism (sometimes referred to as systemic racism) only refers to institutions and systems, hence the name. [20]
Structural discrimination is a form of institutional discrimination against individuals of a given protected characteristic, such as race, gender, caste, which has the effect of restricting their opportunities. It may be either intentional or unintentional, and it may involve either public or private institutional policies.