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In the 19th century, it acquired a meaning more closely related to biological deformities, mostly in the field of botany. Currently, its most instrumental meaning is that of the medical study of teratogenesis, congenital malformations or individuals with significant malformations. Historically, people have used many pejorative terms to describe ...
Surgical techniques advanced in the 19th century, but the chances of a patient dying from post-operative infection was 50%. [41] Prior to the discovery of the germ theory of disease, surgeons did not clean their surgical instruments or the operating table between patients. Semmelweis's work on hand hygiene was either ignored or unknown to ...
Epidemics of the 19th century were faced without the medical advances that made 20th-century epidemics much rarer and less lethal. Micro-organisms (viruses and bacteria) had been discovered in the 18th century, but it was not until the late 19th century that the experiments of Lazzaro Spallanzani and Louis Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation conclusively, allowing germ theory and Robert ...
The 19th century was an era of rapidly accelerating scientific discovery and invention, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that laid the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century. [4]
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Despite his unusual diet, Tarrare was slim and of average height. [9] At the age of 17, he weighed only about 100 pounds (45 kg; 7 st 2 lb). [1] [5] He was described as having unusually soft fair hair and an abnormally wide mouth (roughly four inches between his jaws when his mouth was fully extended), [10] in which his teeth were heavily stained [9] and on which the lips were almost invisible.
In the metropolis of London, 1:7 died from consumption at the dawn of the 18th century, by 1750 that proportion grew to 1:5.25 and surged to 1:4.2 by around the start of the 19th century. [61] The Industrial Revolution coupled with poverty and squalor created the optimal environment for the propagation of the disease.
Tuberculosis (TB) became epidemic in Europe in the 18th and 19th century, showing a seasonal pattern, and is still taking place globally. [19] [20] [21] The morbidity and mortality of TB and HIV/AIDS have been closely linked, known as "TB/HIV syndemic".