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Molar concentration or molarity is most commonly expressed in units of moles of solute per litre of solution. [1] For use in broader applications, it is defined as amount of substance of solute per unit volume of solution, or per unit volume available to the species, represented by lowercase : [2]
For example, the ratio 4:5 can be written as 1:1.25 (dividing both sides by 4) Alternatively, it can be written as 0.8:1 (dividing both sides by 5). Where the context makes the meaning clear, a ratio in this form is sometimes written without the 1 and the ratio symbol (:), though, mathematically, this makes it a factor or multiplier .
The NREL solar program had a budget of around $75 million as of 2009 [81] and develops research projects in the areas of photovoltaic (PV) technology, solar thermal energy, and solar radiation. [82] The budget for Sandia's solar division is unknown, however it accounts for a significant percentage of the laboratory's $2.4 billion budget.
The far-stabler East Antarctic ice sheet may only cause a sea-level rise of 0.5 m (1 ft 8 in) – 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in) from the current level of warming, a small fraction of the 53.3 m (175 ft) contained in the full ice sheet. [102]
Hydraulic fracturing uses between 1.2 and 3.5 million US gallons (4,500 and 13,200 m 3) of water per well, with large projects using up to 5 million US gallons (19,000 m 3). [171] Additional water is used when wells are refractured. [75] [172] An average well requires 3 to 8 million US gallons (11,000 to 30,000 m 3) of water over its lifetime. [67]
Seals and sea otters are the only carnivores with two pairs of lower incisor teeth rather than three; [55] the adult dental formula is 3.1.3.1 2.1.3.2. [56] The teeth and bones are sometimes stained purple as a result of ingesting sea urchins. [57] The sea otter has a metabolic rate two or three times that of comparatively sized terrestrial ...
The water/vapor phase curve terminates at 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and 22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi; 217.75 atm). [74] This is known as the critical point . At higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous phase called a supercritical fluid .
The President of India is the supreme commander of the nation's armed forces; with 1.45 million active troops, they compose the world's second-largest military. It comprises the Indian Army, the Indian Navy, the Indian Air Force, and the Indian Coast Guard. [288] The official Indian defence budget for 2011 was US$36.03 billion, or 1.83% of GDP ...