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Peripheral neuropathy may be classified according to the number and distribution of nerves affected (mononeuropathy, mononeuritis multiplex, or polyneuropathy), the type of nerve fiber predominantly affected (motor, sensory, autonomic), or the process affecting the nerves; e.g., inflammation (), compression (compression neuropathy), chemotherapy (chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy).
The causes of polyneuropathy can be divided into hereditary and acquired and are therefore as follows: [2] Inherited – hereditary motor neuropathies, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy; Acquired – diabetes mellitus, vascular neuropathy, alcohol use disorder, and vitamin B12 deficiency
Autoimmune variants peripheral neuropathies or progressive inflammatory neuropathy could be in the list assuming the autoimmune model for MS, together with a rare demyelinating lesional variant of trigeminal neuralgia [104] [failed verification] and some NMDAR Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. [54]
The causes of nerve damage are grouped into categories including those due to paraneoplastic causes (neuropathy secondary to cancer), immune mediated, infectious, inherited or degenerative causes and those due to toxin exposure. In idiopathic sensory neuronopathy no cause is identified. Idiopathic causes account for about 50% of cases. [2]
Sural nerve biopsy; biopsy is considered for those patients in whom the diagnosis is not completely clear, when other causes of neuropathy (e.g., hereditary, vasculitic) cannot be excluded, or when profound axonal involvement is observed on EMG. Ultrasound of the peripheral nerves may show swelling of the affected nerves. [32] [33] [34]
Small fiber peripheral neuropathy is a type of peripheral neuropathy that occurs from damage to the small unmyelinated and myelinated peripheral nerve fibers. These fibers, categorized as C fibers and small Aδ fibers , are present in skin , peripheral nerves , and organs. [ 1 ]
Progressive inflammatory neuropathy is a autoimmune disease that was identified in a report, released on January 31, 2008, by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [1] The first known outbreak of this neuropathy occurred in southeastern Minnesota in the United States .
An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin. [ 1 ] For some medical conditions, one or more causes are somewhat understood, but in a certain percentage of people with the condition, the cause may not be readily apparent or characterized.