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Chebyshev's inequality can also be obtained directly from a simple comparison of areas, starting from the representation of an expected value as the difference of two improper Riemann integrals (last formula in the definition of expected value for arbitrary real-valued random variables).
where , is the inner product.Examples of inner products include the real and complex dot product; see the examples in inner product.Every inner product gives rise to a Euclidean norm, called the canonical or induced norm, where the norm of a vector is denoted and defined by ‖ ‖:= , , where , is always a non-negative real number (even if the inner product is complex-valued).
Bennett's inequality, an upper bound on the probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality , an upper bound on the variance of any bounded probability distribution
In mathematics the estimation lemma, also known as the ML inequality, gives an upper bound for a contour integral. If f is a complex -valued, continuous function on the contour Γ and if its absolute value | f ( z ) | is bounded by a constant M for all z on Γ , then
Grönwall's inequality is an important tool to obtain various estimates in the theory of ordinary and stochastic differential equations. In particular, it provides a comparison theorem that can be used to prove uniqueness of a solution to the initial value problem; see the Picard–Lindelöf theorem. It is named for Thomas Hakon Grönwall (1877 ...
Similar to equation solving, inequation solving means finding what values (numbers, functions, sets, etc.) fulfill a condition stated in the form of an inequation or a conjunction of several inequations. These expressions contain one or more unknowns, which are free variables for which values are sought that cause the condition to be fulfilled ...
The cylindrical algebraic decomposition is an algorithm that allows testing whether a system of polynomial equations and inequalities has solutions, and, if solutions exist, describing them. The complexity of this algorithm is doubly exponential in the number of variables.
The real absolute value function is an example of a continuous function that achieves a global minimum where the derivative does not exist. The subdifferential of | x | at x = 0 is the interval [−1, 1]. [14] The complex absolute value function is continuous everywhere but complex differentiable nowhere because it violates the Cauchy–Riemann ...