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In linguistics, a grapheme is the smallest functional unit of a writing system. [1] The word grapheme is derived from Ancient Greek gráphō ('write'), and the suffix -eme by analogy with phoneme and other emic units. The study of graphemes is called graphemics. The concept of graphemes is abstract and similar to the notion in computing of a ...
A phonogram is a grapheme i.e. one or more written characters which represent a phoneme (speech sound), [1] rather than a bigger linguistic unit such as morphemes or words. [2] For example, "igh" is an English-language phonogram that represents the / aɪ / sound in "high".
A phoneme is a sound or a group of different sounds perceived to have the same function by speakers of the language or dialect in question. An example is the English phoneme /k/, which occurs in words such as cat, kit, scat, skit.
Examples of other recognizable graphemes that allow students to construct rhyming word patterns are at, igh, ew, oo, ou and air. [95] More letter combinations or graphemes can be viewed in the table below to support students increasing ability to construct a rhyming word pattern of similar phonemes or speech sound:
Natural languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographies; a high degree of grapheme–phoneme correspondence can be expected in orthographies based on alphabetic writing systems, but they differ in how complete this correspondence is. English orthography, for example, is alphabetic but highly nonphonemic.
For example, the Korean word 훗일, which should be pronounced as [husil] based on standard pronunciations of the components of the grapheme, is actually pronounced as [hunnil]. Among the consonants of the Korean language, only one is always pronounced exactly as it is written. Italian offers clear examples of differential directionality in depth.
A letter is a type of grapheme, the smallest functional unit within a writing system. Letters are graphemes that broadly correspond to phonemes, the smallest functional units of sound in speech. Similarly to how phonemes are combined to form spoken words, letters may be combined to form written words.
Letters in English orthography positioned at one location within a specific word usually represent a particular phoneme. For example, at / ˈ æ t / consists of 2 letters a and t , which represent /æ/ and /t/, respectively. Sequences of letters may perform this role as well as single letters.