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Critical temperature T c, the temperature below which the wire becomes a superconductor; Critical current density J c, the maximum current a superconducting wire can carry per unit cross-sectional area (see images below for examples with 20 kA/cm 2). Superconducting wires/tapes/cables usually consist of two key features:
For heating, resistance wire must be stable in air when hot. Kanthal FeCrAl alloy forms a protective layer of aluminium oxide (). [1]Aluminium oxide has high thermal conductivity but is an electrical insulator, so special techniques may be required to make good electrical connections.
A suspended nanowire is a wire produced in a high-vacuum chamber held at the longitudinal extremities. Suspended nanowires can be produced by: The chemical etching of a larger wire; The bombardment of a larger wire, typically with highly energetic ions; Indenting the tip of a STM in the surface of a metal near its melting point, and then ...
The two most prevalent shape-memory alloys are copper-aluminium-nickel and nickel-titanium (), but SMAs can also be created by alloying zinc, copper, gold and iron.Although iron-based and copper-based SMAs, such as Fe-Mn-Si, Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni, are commercially available and cheaper than NiTi, NiTi-based SMAs are preferable for most applications due to their stability and practicability [1 ...
Such nanowires have promising applications in lithium-ion batteries, thermoelectrics and sensors. Initial synthesis of SiNWs is often accompanied by thermal oxidation steps to yield structures of accurately tailored size and morphology. [1] SiNWs have unique properties that are not seen in bulk (three-dimensional) silicon materials.
The suburban Long Island electrical substation is fed by a 2,000 foot (600 m) underground cable system which consists of about 99 miles (159 km) of high-temperature superconductor wire manufactured by American Superconductor chilled to −371 °F (−223.9 °C; 49.3 K) with liquid nitrogen, [dubious – discuss] greatly reducing the cost ...
The second class of high-temperature superconductors in the practical classification is the iron-based compounds. [8] [9] Magnesium diboride is sometimes included in high-temperature superconductors: It is relatively simple to manufacture, but it superconducts only below 39 K (−234.2 °C), which makes it unsuitable for liquid nitrogen cooling.
The high temperature and chemical resistance of polyamide-imides make them in principle suitable for membrane based gas separations. The separation of contaminants such as CO 2 , H 2 S , and other impurities from natural gas wells is an important industrial process.