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The discriminant of a polynomial is a function of its coefficients that is zero if and only if the polynomial has a multiple root, or, if it is divisible by the square of a non-constant polynomial. In other words, the discriminant is nonzero if and only if the polynomial is square-free .
The roots, stationary points, inflection point and concavity of a cubic polynomial x 3 − 6x 2 + 9x − 4 (solid black curve) and its first (dashed red) and second (dotted orange) derivatives. The critical points of a cubic function are its stationary points, that is the points where the slope of the function is zero. [2]
The degree of the zero polynomial 0 (which has no terms at all) is generally treated as not defined (but see below). [9] For example: is a term. The coefficient is −5, the indeterminates are x and y, the degree of x is two, while the degree of y is one.
Vieta's formulas are frequently used with polynomials with coefficients in any integral domain R. Then, the quotients a i / a n {\displaystyle a_{i}/a_{n}} belong to the field of fractions of R (and possibly are in R itself if a n {\displaystyle a_{n}} happens to be invertible in R ) and the roots r i {\displaystyle r_{i}} are taken in an ...
For polynomials in two or more variables, the degree of a term is the sum of the exponents of the variables in the term; the degree (sometimes called the total degree) of the polynomial is again the maximum of the degrees of all terms in the polynomial. For example, the polynomial x 2 y 2 + 3x 3 + 4y has degree 4, the same degree as the term x ...
To get all roots, compute x for ± s,± t = +,+ and for +,−; and for −,+ and for −,−. This formula handles repeated roots without problem. Ferrari was the first to discover one of these labyrinthine solutions [citation needed]. The equation which he solved was + + =
The roots of a polynomial expression of degree n, or equivalently the solutions of a polynomial equation, can always be written as algebraic expressions if n < 5 (see quadratic formula, cubic function, and quartic equation). Such a solution of an equation is called an algebraic solution.
A similar but more complicated method works for cubic equations, which have three resolvents and a quadratic equation (the "resolving polynomial") relating and , which one can solve by the quadratic equation, and similarly for a quartic equation (degree 4), whose resolving polynomial is a cubic, which can in turn be solved. [14]