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Second language writing is the practice of teaching English composition to non-native speakers and writers of English. Teaching writing to ESL students does not receive much attention because even in ESL classes teachers focus on speaking, listening, and reading, not just writing.
Writing education in the United States at a national scale using methods other than direct teacher–student tutorial were first implemented in the 19th century. [1] [2] The positive association between students' development of the ability to use writing to refine and synthesize their thinking [3] and their performance in other disciplines is well-documented.
Students were less proficient than they appeared because they were able "to converse on a few every day, frequently discussed subjects" but often lacked proficiency in academic language. [2] Carolyn Edelsky was an early critic of the BICS/CALP distinction, arguing that academic language is measured inaccurately by relying on "test-wiseness". [2]
This rhetorical approach has shown that real writing, rather than existing as isolated modes, has more to do with a writer choosing from among many approaches to perform rhetorical tasks. [4] In addition to a focus on rhetoric, many first year composition courses also emphasize the writing process, [5] and students are encouraged to interact ...
Writing assessment refers to an area of study that contains theories and practices that guide the evaluation of a writer's performance or potential through a writing task. Writing assessment can be considered a combination of scholarship from composition studies and measurement theory within educational assessment . [ 1 ]
The process theory of composition (hereafter referred to as "process") is a field of composition studies that focuses on writing as a process rather than a product. Based on Janet Emig's breakdown of the writing process, [1] the process is centered on the idea that students determine the content of the course by exploring the craft of writing using their own interests, language, techniques ...
The free writing technique emphasizes spontaneous, continuous expression, aiming to liberate thoughts and overcome writer's block, without concern for grammar or structure. This is different from David Bartholomae's approach to writing that emphasizes teaching students to engage critically with academic texts and discussions.
On the other hand, Long (1985) defines a task as things people do in everyday life. [7] According to Rod Ellis, a task has four main characteristics: [5] A task involves a primary focus on (pragmatic) meaning. A task has some kind of ‘gap’. (Prabhu identified the three main types as information gap, reasoning gap, and opinion gap.)