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Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) is the linguistic reconstruction of the Sino-Tibetan proto-language and the common ancestor of all languages in it, including the Sinitic languages, the Tibetic languages, Yi, Bai, Burmese, Karen, Tangut, and Naga.
Roger Blench argues that agriculture cannot be reconstructed for Proto-Sino-Tibetan. [67] Blench and Mark Post have proposed that the earliest speakers of Sino-Tibetan were not farmers but highly diverse foragers in the eastern foothills of the Himalayas in Northeast India, the area of greatest diversity, around 9000 years BP. [68]
Proto-Tibeto-Burman (commonly abbreviated PTB) is the reconstructed ancestor of the Tibeto-Burman languages, that is, the Sino-Tibetan languages, except for Chinese.An initial reconstruction was produced by Paul K. Benedict and since refined by James Matisoff.
Though the division of Sino-Tibetan into Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman branches (e.g. Benedict, Matisoff) is widely used, some historical linguists criticize this classification, as the non-Sinitic Sino-Tibetan languages lack any shared innovations in phonology or morphology [2] to show that they comprise a clade of the phylogenetic tree. [3] [4] [5]
Below is a partial list of proto-languages that have been reconstructed, ... Proto-Hlai ; Proto-Sino-Tibetan. Proto-Sinitic. Proto-Min; Proto-Tibeto-Burman
L1 speakers of Chinese and other Sino-Tibetan languages according to Ethnologue. Dialectologist Jerry Norman estimated that there are hundreds of mutually unintelligible Sinitic languages. [11] They form a dialect continuum in which differences generally become more pronounced as distances increase, though there are also some sharp boundaries. [12]
The Tibetic languages form a well-defined group of languages descending from Old Tibetan (7th to 9th centuries, [2] or to the 11th/12th centuries). According to Nicolas Tournadre, there are 50 Tibetic languages, which branch into more than 200 dialects, which could be grouped into eight dialect continua. [2]
The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (commonly abbreviated STEDT) was a linguistics research project hosted at the University of California at Berkeley. The project, which focused on Sino-Tibetan historical linguistics, started in 1987 and lasted until 2015. James Matisoff was the director of STEDT for nearly three decades. [1]