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The Scramble for Africa[a] was the conquest and colonisation of most of Africa by seven Western European powers driven by the Second Industrial Revolution during the era of "New Imperialism" (1833–1914): Belgium, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Portugal and Spain. In 1870, 10% of the continent was formally under European control.
Ancient and medieval colonies. Africa in 1910. In the early historical period, colonies were founded in North Africa by migrants from Europe and Western Asia, particularly Greeks and Phoenecians. Under Egypt 's Pharaoh Amasis (570–526 BC) a Greek mercantile colony was established at Naucratis, some 50 miles from the later Alexandria. [2]
Africa was the site of one of the first instances of fascist territorial expansions in the 1930s. Italy had attempted to conquer Ethiopia in the 1890s but had been rebuffed in the First Italo-Ethiopian War. Ethiopia lay between two Italian colonies, Italian Somaliland and Eritrea and was invaded in October 1935.
This was followed by the emergence of modern humans (Homo sapiens) in East Africa around 300,000–250,000 years ago. In the 4th millenium BC written history arose in Ancient Egypt, [1] and later in Nubia ’s Kush, the Horn of Africa ’s Dʿmt, and the Maghreb 's and Ifrikiya 's Carthage. [2]
Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonised people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis.
Extent of colonization by European, American, Ottoman, and Japanese powers, 1492-1991. Map of the year each country achieved independence. The historical phenomenon of colonization is one that stretches around the globe and across time. Ancient and medieval colonialism was practiced by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Turks, Han Chinese, and Arabs.
One of the oldest colonisation process in history occurred around 1000 BC, when the Sabeans of Southern Arabia, with a civilization based on agriculture, began to colonize the highlands of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. [2][3][4][5] Some significant elements from this event, include the introduction of South Semitic languages to Ethiopia ...
Western European colonialism and colonization was the Western European policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over other societies and territories, founding a colony, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically. [1][2] For example, colonial policies, such as the type of rule implemented, [3] the nature ...