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In addition to the descriptive steel grade naming system indicated above, within EN 10027-2 is defined a system for creating unique steel grade numbers. While less descriptive and intuitive than the grand names they are easier to tabulate and use in data processing applications. The number is in the following format: x.yyzz(zz)
This standard defines property classes, the metric equivalent of a screw grade, that are almost identical to those defined by ISO 898-1, [2] except for the addition of the 8.8.3 and 10.9.3 classes. These two additional standards are fasteners that have the same mechanical properties as their base property class (i.e. 8.8 and 10.9), but are made ...
1 in 11.8 (8.5%) Stuttgart light rail system, Germany: Steepest gradient in Alexanderstraße on the southern part of line U15. [7] 1 in 12.5 (8%) Hakone Tozan Line, Japan: 1 in 12.5 (8%) Trieste-Opicina tramway: Mixed adhesion and rope-hauled operation. The maximum gradient on adhesion is 8% between Vetta Scorcola and Cologna stops.
The SAE steel grades system is a standard alloy numbering system (SAE J1086 – Numbering Metals and Alloys) for steel grades maintained by SAE International.. In the 1930s and 1940s, the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and SAE were both involved in efforts to standardize such a numbering system for steels.
BS 546 is also the precursor of current Indian and South African plug standards. The 5 A version has been designated as Type D and the 15 A as Type M in the IEC 60083 plugs and sockets standard. BS 546 plugs and sockets are still permitted in the UK, provided the socket has shutters.
Steel fasteners (grade 2,5,8) - the level of strength; Stainless steel fasteners (martensitic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel), Bronze and brass fasteners - water proof usage; Nylon fasteners - used for the light material and water proof usage. In general, steel is the most commonly used material of all fasteners: 90% or more. [8]
EN 1993-1-3 gives design requirements for cold-formed thin gauge members and sheeting. It applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated thin gauge hot or cold rolled sheet or strip, that have been cold-formed by such processes as cold-rolled forming or press-braking.
Grade is usually expressed as a percentage - converted to the angle α by taking the inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade / 100. If one looks at red numbers on the chart specifying grade, one can see the quirkiness of using the grade to specify slope; the numbers go from 0 for flat, to 100% at 45 ...