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In physical chemistry, supersaturation occurs with a solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value of solubility at equilibrium. Most commonly the term is applied to a solution of a solid in a liquid , but it can also be applied to liquids and gases dissolved in a liquid.
This can be due to temperature changes, solvent evaporation, or by mixing solvents. Precipitation occurs more rapidly from a strongly supersaturated solution. The formation of a precipitate can be caused by a chemical reaction. When a barium chloride solution reacts with sulphuric acid, a white precipitate of barium sulphate is formed.
Making a saline water solution by dissolving table salt in water.The salt is the solute and the water the solvent. In chemistry, a solution is defined by IUPAC as "A liquid or solid phase containing more than one substance, when for convenience one (or more) substance, which is called the solvent, is treated differently from the other substances, which are called solutes.
Solubility is temperature dependent. A solution containing a higher concentration of solute than the solubility is said to be supersaturated. A supersaturated solution may be induced to come to equilibrium by the addition of a "seed" which may be a tiny crystal of the solute, or a tiny solid particle, which initiates precipitation. [citation ...
The result is a supersaturated solution, which is metastable and will rapidly exclude the excess solute if a suitable nucleation site appears. [ 4 ] The concept of solubility does not apply when there is an irreversible chemical reaction between the two substances, such as the reaction of calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid ; even though ...
Saturation of a solute in a solution, as related to the solute's maximum solubility at equilibrium Supersaturation, where the concentration of a solute exceeds its maximum solubility at equilibrium; Undersaturation, where the concentration of a solute is less than its maximum solubility at equilibrium
The resultant solution is described as supersaturated, meaning that there is more solute dissolved in the solution than would be predicted by its solubility at that temperature. Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by such methods as filtration and centrifugal separators ...
The supersaturated solute mass the original nucleus may capture in a time unit is called the growth rate expressed in kg/(m 2 *h), and is a constant specific to the process. Growth rate is influenced by several physical factors, such as surface tension of solution, pressure , temperature , relative crystal velocity in the solution, Reynolds ...