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This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 2 January 2025. Cancer that originates in mammary glands Medical condition Breast cancer An illustration of breast cancer Specialty Surgical Oncology Symptoms A lump in a breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, a red scaly patch of skin on ...
Possible complications of the procedure include nipple tip necrosis, [5] in which case further surgery may become necessary to recreate the nipple. [9] A further complication is altered sensation, shape, size and color of the nipple, including nipple inversion. [5] Furthermore, infection or hematoma may occur.
When there is post-operative swelling after breast surgery or core needle biopsy, a breast ultrasound examination may be indicated in order to differentiate between a hematoma and other possible post-surgical complications such as abscess or seroma, [7] A recent hematoma is usually visible in a mammogram.
Furthermore, if a breast has already undergone irradiation (as in radiation therapy for treating breast cancer), there is a heightened risk of complications (e.g. reactive inflammation, occurrence of a chronic draining wound, etc.) for breast biopsies or other interventions to the breast, even those often considered "minor" surgeries. [4]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Biopsies are normally only performed following a suspicious mammogram (i.e. possible evidence of comedocarcinoma), and in such cases invasive biopsies are seldom necessary for diagnosing comedocarcinomas. Following the biopsy, a pathological examination is performed on the portion of excised breast tissue. If the results of the examination show ...
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