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Merleau-Ponty attempts to define phenomenology, which according to him has not yet received a proper definition.He asserts that phenomenology contains a series of apparent contradictions, which include the fact that it attempts to create a philosophy that would be a rigorous science while also offering an account of space, time and the world as people experience them.
In the preface to his Phenomenology of Perception, Merleau-Ponty presents a phenomenological objection to positivism: that it can reveal nothing about human subjectivity. All that a scientific text can explain is the particular individual experience of that scientist, which cannot be transcended.
According to Husserl, perception has three temporal aspects, retention, the immediate present, and protention and a flow through which each moment of protention becomes the retention of the next. [1] Maurice Merleau-Ponty describes the temporal phenomenology of perception in the Phenomenology of Perception as follows:
Maurice Merleau-Ponty develops his distinctive mode of phenomenology by drawing, in particular, upon Husserl's unpublished writings, Heidegger's analysis of being-in-the-world, Gestalt theory, and other contemporary psychology research.
Merleau-Ponty, inspired by Heidegger's notion of ‘being-in-the world’ from “Being and Time”, [14] sought to situate the experience of ‘being-in-the-world’ as the root of human perception and the source of objectivity. According to Merleau-Ponty, there are no objects prior to human perception of them.
Phenomenological description has found widespread application within psychology and the cognitive sciences. For example, Maurice Merleau-Ponty is the first well known phenomenologist to openly mingle the results of empirical research with phenomenologically descriptive research.
A phenomenologist, Barbaras' works have primarily focused on the philosophies of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty.More recently, his readings of Czech philosopher Jan Patočka have influenced him into conceiving a phenomenology of life and accordingly, a cosmology in which man's place is to be thought anew.
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1964). The primacy of perception, and other essays on phenomenological psychology, the philosophy of art, history, and politics. edited and partly translated by James M. Edie. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. 228 pages.