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In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero.
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
Oxidation states are unitless and are also scaled in positive and negative integers. Most often, the Frost diagram displays oxidation state in increasing order, but in some cases it is displayed in decreasing order. The neutral species of the pure element with a free energy of zero (nE° = 0) also has an oxidation state equal to zero. [2]
For example, the first (K) shell has one subshell, called 1s; the second (L) shell has two subshells, called 2s and 2p; the third shell has 3s, 3p, and 3d; the fourth shell has 4s, 4p, 4d and 4f; the fifth shell has 5s, 5p, 5d, and 5f and can theoretically hold more in the 5g subshell that is not occupied in the ground-state electron ...
When a transition metal atom loses one or more electrons to form a positive ion, overall electron repulsion is reduced and the n d orbital energy is lowered more than the (n+1) s orbital energy. The ion is formed by removal of the outer s electrons and tends to have a d n configuration, [ 3 ] : 40 even though the s subshell is added to neutral ...
The d-block elements have a tendency to exhibit two or more oxidation states, differing by multiples of one. The most common oxidation states are +2 and +3. Chromium , iron , molybdenum , ruthenium , tungsten , and osmium can have formal oxidation numbers as low as −4; iridium holds the singular distinction of being capable of achieving an ...
A closed-shell configuration is one in which low-lying energy levels are full and higher energy levels are empty. For example, the neon atom ground state has a full n = 2 shell (2s 2 2p 6) and an empty n = 3 shell. According to the octet rule, the atoms immediately before and after neon in the periodic table (i.e. C, N, O, F, Na, Mg and Al ...
Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk) Z Name Symbol complete main group val oxidation state (P1121) note 1 hydrogen: H −1, 0, +1 (an amphoteric oxide) −1, +1 1 I -1, 1, 0 : 2 helium: He 0: 0 18 0 3 lithium: Li 0 [4], +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I 1 : 4 beryllium: Be 0, [5] +1, [6] +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 2 II 2, 1 [7] 5 ...