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Multiple myeloma is diagnosed based on blood or urine tests finding abnormal antibody proteins (often using electrophoretic techniques revealing the presence of a monoclonal spike in the results, termed an m-spike), bone marrow biopsy finding cancerous plasma cells, and medical imaging finding bone lesions. [6]
Bence Jones protein is a monoclonal globulin protein or immunoglobulin light chain found in the urine, with a molecular weight of 22–24 kDa. [1] Detection of Bence Jones protein may be suggestive of multiple myeloma, [2] or Waldenström's macroglobulinemia. [citation needed]
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a plasma cell dyscrasia in which plasma cells or other types of antibody-producing cells secrete a myeloma protein, i.e. an abnormal antibody, into the blood; this abnormal protein is usually found during standard laboratory blood or urine tests. MGUS resembles multiple myeloma and ...
An explanation of the difference between multiple myeloma and MGUS can be found in the International Myeloma Foundation's Patient Handbook. [2] and Concise Review [3] Detection of paraproteins in the urine or blood is most often associated with MGUS, where they remain "silent", [4] and multiple myeloma. An excess in the blood is known as ...
Urine test strips use the concentration of ions in the urine to estimate specific gravity. ... In multiple myeloma, Bence-Jones protein may be secreted into the urine
Monoclonal gammopathy, also known as paraproteinemia, is the presence of excessive amounts of myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood. It is usually due to an underlying immunoproliferative disorder or hematologic neoplasms, especially multiple myeloma. It is sometimes considered equivalent to plasma cell dyscrasia.
Serum or urine protein electrophoresis or immunofixation is positive in 80-100% of cases, while serum free light chain measurement is positive in 100% of cases. [2] LHCDD is associated with multiple myeloma in 50% of cases. [2] Deposition of complement protein C3 (and sometimes C1q) may also be seen in LHCDD. [2]
Diagnostic testing for multiple myeloma includes obtaining the β 2 microglobulin level, for this level is an important prognostic indicator. As of 2011 [update] , a patient with a level < 4 mg/L is expected to have a median survival of 43 months, while one with a level > 4 mg/L has a median survival of only 12 months.