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The earthquake cycle refers to the phenomenon that earthquakes repeatedly occur on the same fault as the result of continual stress accumulation and periodic stress release. [1] [2] Earthquake cycles can occur on a variety of faults including subduction zones and continental faults.
A volcano tectonic earthquake or volcano earthquake is caused by the movement of magma beneath the surface of the Earth. [1] The movement results in pressure changes where the rock around the magma has a change in stress. At some point, this stress can cause the rock to break or move. This seismic activity is used by scientists to monitor ...
In 1989, the Voyager 2 spacecraft observed cryovolcanoes (ice volcanoes) on Triton, a moon of Neptune, and in 2005 the Cassini–Huygens probe photographed fountains of frozen particles erupting from Enceladus, a moon of Saturn. [37] [38] The ejecta may be composed of water, liquid nitrogen, ammonia, dust, or methane compounds.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes can occur naturally or be induced by human activities, such as mining, fracking, and nuclear tests. The initial point of rupture is called the hypocenter or focus, while the ground level directly above it is the epicenter.
The depth to the LAB can be estimated from the amount of flexure the lithosphere has undergone due to an applied load at the surface (such as the flexure from a volcano). [3] Flexure is one observation of strength, but earthquakes can also be used to define the boundary between "strong" and "weak" rocks.
Extensional tectonics is associated with the stretching and thinning of the crust or the lithosphere.This type of tectonics is found at divergent plate boundaries, in continental rifts, during and after a period of continental collision caused by the lateral spreading of the thickened crust formed, at releasing bends in strike-slip faults, in back-arc basins, and on the continental end of ...
The volcanoes’ silicic composition indicates a lower crustal source. If volcanism resulted from lithospheric extension, then extension along the Yellowstone-Eastern Snake River Plain zone must have migrated from west to east during the last 17 million years. [ 27 ]
Volcanic earthquakes, or volcanic-tectonic earthquakes, can be caused by the movement of magma or other volcanic fluids, inducing tectonic stress that leads to earthquakes of high frequency. Lower frequency volcanic earthquakes, a result of resonation (physical oscillation from seismic waves) in cracks due to magma movement, may also be ...