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The Cobb angle is named after the American orthopedic surgeon John Robert Cobb (1903–1967). It was originally used to measure coronal plane deformity on radiographs with antero-posterior projection for the classification of scoliosis. [9]
Commonly, the VA test involves cervical spine motion to an end-range position of rotation, extension or a combination of both. At this point, the physician assesses for vertebrobasilar insufficiency (VBI) symptoms. If the patient has VBI symptoms during the test, it is considered a positive result and a contraindication for cervical ...
Grabb-Oakes measurement equal or greater than 9 mm; Harris measurement greater than 12mm [9] Spinal subluxation; Alternatively, craniocervical instability can be diagnosed if a trial of cervical traction, typically using a halo fixation device, results in a significant alleviation of symptoms.
The procedure serves for investigating intracorporal movement differences between head and body, especially at the atlanto-axial joint and the lower cervical spine column. The method can help diagnosing sprains of the neck, stiff necks, and whiplash .
Polarity is a measure for a biological system to distinguish poles along an axis. This measure is important because it is the first step to building complexity. For example, during organismal development, one of the first steps for the embryo is to distinguish its dorsal-ventral axis. The symmetry-breaking event that occurs here will determine ...
The case of θ = 0, φ ≠ 0 is called a simple rotation, with two unit eigenvalues forming an axis plane, and a two-dimensional rotation orthogonal to the axis plane. Otherwise, there is no axis plane. The case of θ = φ is called an isoclinic rotation, having eigenvalues e ±iθ repeated twice, so every vector is rotated through an angle θ.
Looking directly at the front or back of the body, the 33 vertebrae in the spinal column should appear completely vertical. From a side view, the cervical (neck) region of the spine (C1–C7) is bent inward, the thoracic (upper back) region (T1–T12) bends outward, and the lumbar (lower back) region (L1–L5) bends inward.
It is a type of cervical compression test. Patients with a positive Spurling's sign can present with a variety of symptoms, including pain, numbness and weakness. In addition to the clinical history, the neurological examination may show signs suggesting a cervical radiculopathy .