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In the field of obstetrics, lochia is the vaginal discharge after giving birth, containing blood, mucus, and uterine tissue. [1] Lochia discharge typically continues for four to eight weeks after childbirth, [2] a time known as the postpartum period or puerperium.
Although it had been recognized from as early as the time of the Hippocratic corpus that women in childbed were prone to fevers, the distinct name "puerperal fever" appears in historical records only from the early 18th century. [26] The death rate for women giving birth decreased in the 20th century in developed countries.
In neonates, vaginal discharge sometimes occurs in the first few days after birth. This is due to exposure to estrogen while in utero. Neonatal vaginal discharge may be white or clear with a mucous texture, or it may be bloody from normal transient shedding of the endometrium. [9]
Vaginal discharge, termed "lochia", can be expected to continue for several weeks; initially bright red, it gradually becomes pink, changing to brown, and finally to yellow or white. [66] At one time babies born in hospitals were removed from their mothers shortly after birth and brought to the mother only at feeding times. [67]
As the fetus settles into the pelvis, pain from the sciatic nerves, increased vaginal discharge, and increased urinary frequency can occur. [86] While lightening is likelier to happen after labor has begun for women who have given birth before, it may happen ten to fourteen days before labor in women experiencing labor for the first time. [87]
Symptoms may include fever, lower abdominal pain, and abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. [1] [4] It is the most common cause of infection after childbirth. [7] [1] It is also part of spectrum of diseases that make up pelvic inflammatory disease. [8] Endometritis is divided into acute and chronic forms. [2]
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By the third week postpartum, the vagina has become much smaller and the rugae begin to reform on the vaginal walls. Six weeks after birth, the rugae have returned to approximately the same size as they were before the birth. The number of rugae after childbirth decreases. [22] In women who have not given birth, the rugae are more prominent ...