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In Lenin's absence, Stalin – by now the General Secretary of the Communist Party – had begun consolidating his power by appointing his supporters to prominent positions, [311] with Lenin being almost unique in recognising that Stalin was likely to dominate the party in future. [312]
Conversely, various Marxist observers, including Western historians Hill and John Rees, argued against the view that Lenin's government was a dictatorship, viewing it instead as an imperfect way of preserving elements of democracy without some of the processes found in liberal democratic states. [540]
Vanguardism, a core concept of Leninism, is the idea that a revolutionary vanguard party, composed of the most conscious and disciplined workers, must lead the proletariat in overthrowing capitalism and establishing socialism, ultimately progressing to communism.
This period was known up to 1928 as the Second Period, mirroring the shift in the Soviet Union from war communism to the New Economic Policy. [8] In his 1915 article On the Slogan for a United States of Europe, Lenin maintained that proletarian victory would be uneven and arrive through individual capitalist nations' conversions to socialism. [9]
The communist cells must be completely subordinated to the party as a whole. 10: Every party belonging to the Communist International has the obligation to wage a stubborn struggle against the Amsterdam 'International' of yellow trade union organisations. It must expound as forcefully as possible among trades unionists the idea of the necessity ...
Refer to Lenin Collected Works, vol. 35, "Recorded Speeches" Record ⓘ 17: А-0291: 5th session / Tsentropechat: Concessions and the development of capitalism: 25-Apr-1921: Refer to Lenin Collected Works, vol. 35, "Recorded Speeches" Record ⓘ 18: А-0292: 5th session / Tsentropechat: Non-party men and Soviet Power: 25-Apr-1921: Russian ...
Lenin’s approach was more moderate than Trotsky’s and focused on the educational and organizational role of trade unions in the socialist state. He believed that trade unions should serve as a "school of communism," helping to educate workers in the administration of the economy and preparing them for eventual control of production.
Because Leninism was the revolutionary means to achieving socialism in the praxis of government, the relationship between ideology and decision-making inclined to pragmatism and most policy decisions were taken in light of the continual and permanent development of Marxism–Leninism, with ideological adaptation to material conditions. [35]