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  2. Boltzmann distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution

    Boltzmann's distribution is an exponential distribution. Boltzmann factor ⁠ ⁠ (vertical axis) as a function of temperature T for several energy differences ε i − ε j.. In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution [1]) is a probability distribution or probability measure that gives the probability that a system will be in a certain ...

  3. Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann...

    N is the total number of particles in the system, E i is the energy of microstate i, ... The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for the momentum ...

  4. Partition function (statistical mechanics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_function...

    As an example: the partition function for the isothermal-isobaric ensemble, the generalized Boltzmann distribution, divides up probabilities based on particle number, pressure, and temperature. The energy is replaced by the characteristic potential of that ensemble, the Gibbs Free Energy.

  5. Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell–Boltzmann_statistics

    The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a mathematical function that describes about how many particles in the container have a certain energy. More precisely, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution gives the non-normalized probability (this means that the probabilities do not add up to 1) that the state corresponding to a particular energy is ...

  6. Population inversion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_inversion

    In the microwave region, the Boltzmann distribution of molecules among energy states is such that, at room temperature, all states are populated almost equally. To create a population inversion under these conditions, it is necessary to selectively remove some atoms or molecules from the system based on differences in properties.

  7. kT (energy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT_(energy)

    kT (also written as k B T) is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k (or k B), and the temperature, T.This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on ⁠ E ...

  8. Boltzmann constant - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant

    Boltzmann constant: The Boltzmann constant, k, is one of seven fixed constants defining the International System of Units, the SI, with k = 1.380 649 x 10 −23 J K −1. The Boltzmann constant is a proportionality constant between the quantities temperature (with unit kelvin) and energy (with unit joule).

  9. Random energy model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Energy_Model

    When <, the Boltzmann distribution of the system is concentrated at energy-per-particle = /, of which there are (⁡ /) states.. When >, the Boltzmann distribution of the system is concentrated at =, and since the entropy per particle at that point is zero, the Boltzmann distribution is concentrated on a sub-exponential number of states.