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Multivitamins nutrition facts label showing that the international unit of, for example, vitamins D and E correspond to different gram values. In pharmacology, the international unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for the effect or biological activity of a substance, for the purpose of easier comparison across similar forms of substances.
Preformed vitamin A is fat-soluble and high levels have been reported to affect the metabolism of the other fat-soluble vitamins D, [24] E, and K. The toxic effects of preformed vitamin A might be related to altered vitamin D metabolism, concurrent ingestion of substantial amounts of vitamin D, or binding of vitamin A to receptor heterodimers ...
Vitamin A: 30 [23] 65 [23] μg/dL Vitamin B 9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum: Age > 1 year: 3.0 [126] 16 [126] 5 [127] ng/mL or μg/L 6.8 [128] 36 [128] 11 [128] nmol/L Vitamin B 9 (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells: 200 [126] 600 [126] ng/mL or μg/L 450 [128] 1400 [128] nmol/L Pregnant: 400 [126] ng/mL or μg/L 900 [126] nmol/L Vitamin B ...
The Vitamin-B complex, which includes eight water-soluble vitamins, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular function and preventing brain atrophy. Among the elderly, deficiencies in vitamins B12 , B6 , and folate are linked to cognitive decline and depressive symptoms.
Multivitamins are typically available in a variety of formulas based on age and sex, or (as in prenatal vitamins) based on more specific nutritional needs; a multivitamin for men might include less iron, while a multivitamin for seniors might include extra vitamin D. Some formulas make a point of including extra antioxidants.
In the metric system, a microgram or microgramme is a unit of mass equal to one millionth (1 × 10 −6) of a gram.The unit symbol is μg according to the International System of Units (SI); the recommended symbol in the United States and United Kingdom when communicating medical information is mcg.
Tolerable upper intake levels (UL), to caution against excessive intake of nutrients (like vitamin A and selenium) that can be harmful in large amounts. This is the highest level of sustained daily nutrient consumption that is considered to be safe for, and cause no side effects in, 97.5% of healthy individuals in each life stage and sex group.
Vitamins are useful in preventing and treating illnesses specifically associated with dietary vitamin shortfalls, but the conclusions of medical research are that the broad claims of disease treatment by advocates of megavitamin therapy are unsubstantiated by the available evidence.