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Old Prussian, a Western Baltic language that became extinct in the 18th century, had possibly conserved the greatest number of properties from Proto-Baltic. [7] Although related, Lithuanian, Latvian, and particularly Old Prussian have lexicons that differ substantially from one another and so the languages are not mutually intelligible.
The Balto-Slavic languages form a branch of the Indo-European family of languages, traditionally comprising the Baltic and Slavic languages. Baltic and Slavic languages share several linguistic traits not found in any other Indo-European branch, [ 3 ] which points to a period of common development and origin.
The Lithuanian language has two main numbers, singular and plural. It has also a dual number , which is used in certain dialects, such as Samogitian . Some words in the standard language retain their dual forms (for example du ("two") and abu ("both"), an indefinite number and super-plural words ( dauginiai žodžiai in Lithuanian).
[66] [67] [68] Russian governorates with significant Lithuanian populations had one of the highest population literacy rates: Vilna Governorate (in 1897 ~23.6–50% Lithuanian of whom 37% were literate), Kovno Governorate (in 1897 66% Lithuanian of whom 55.3% were literate), Suwałki Governorate (in 1897 in counties of the governorate where ...
Ruthenian (ру́скаꙗ мо́ва or ру́скїй ѧзы́къ; [1] [2] [failed verification] see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
According to the 2010 Russian census, 31,377 (0.023% of the total population of Russia) declared themselves as Lithuanians. [1] According to the 2021 Russian census, 13,230 (0.01%) declared themselves as Lithuanians. [2] As of 2019 Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs listed some 20 Lithuanian associations registered in Russia. [3]
Parallels can be drawn with some modern Slavic languages, namely Russian, Serbo-Croatian and Slovene. Accentual mobility is prominent in nominal stems, while verbal stems mostly demonstrate phonologically predictable patterns. Lithuanian nominal stems are commonly divided into four accentual classes, usually referred to by their numbers:
The language issue is still contentious, particularly in Latvia, where there were protests in 2003 and 2004 organized by the Headquarters for the Protection of Russian Schools against the government's plans to require at least 60% of lessons in state-funded Russian-language high schools to be taught in Latvian. [22] [23]