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According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Cologne was a center of Jewish learning, and the "wise of Cologne" are frequently mentioned in rabbinical literature. [48] A characteristic of the Talmudic authorities of that city was their liberality. Many liturgical poems still in the Ashkenazic ritual were composed by poets of Cologne.
An 1806 French print depicts Napoleon Bonaparte emancipating the Jews. Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights. [1]
On March 17, 1808, French Emperor Napoleon I made three decrees [1] in an attempt to promote the equality of Jews and integrate them into French society, building on the Jewish Emancipation of 1790–1791.
“Monumenta Judaica. 2000 Years of History and Culture of the Jews on the Rhine” (ger. Monumenta Judaica. 2000 Jahre Geschichte und Kultur der Juden am Rhein) was the first major exhibition on Jewish religion and art in the Rhineland area between Basel and Emmerich.
The social emancipation of the Jew is the emancipation of society from Judaism." [3] According to Otto Dov Kulka [4] of Hebrew University, the term became widespread in the 19th century when it was used in discussions about Jewish emancipation in Germany (Judenfrage). [1]
The Jewish community in Cologne has the longest history in Germany, being first mentioned in 321. Expelled in 1424, the Jews did not return to Cologne until 1798. In 1815 the community numbered 150, growing to 8000 in 1895, and 18,281 by 1933, [ 2 ] the largest in Germany after Berlin.
The Hep-Hep riots from August to October 1819 were pogroms against Ashkenazi Jews, beginning in the Kingdom of Bavaria, during the period of Jewish emancipation in the German Confederation. The antisemitic communal violence began on August 2, 1819, in Würzburg and soon reached the outer regions of the German Confederation.
Articles relating to Jewish emancipation, the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights. It included efforts within the community to integrate into their societies as citizens.