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Thus patients may not initially notice small wounds to legs and feet, and may therefore fail to prevent infection or repeated injury. [8] Further, diabetes causes immune compromise and damage to small blood vessels, preventing adequate oxygenation of tissue, which can cause chronic wounds. [8]
The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk.
The risk of infection is increased with traumatic injury to the skin and also in people with certain underlying conditions such as diabetes, chronic venous insufficiency and immunosuppression. [3] Staphylococcal and Streptococcal organisms remain the most common causes of superficial infection after a flooding event. [4]
Nonfreezing cold injury commonly affects the feet due to prolonged exposure to wet socks or cold standing water. [4] Symptoms progress through a series of four stages. [4] [15] A severe case of trench foot. During cold exposure. Affected skin becomes numb, which can cause a clumsy walking pattern if the feet are affected
These changes are most prominent in the kidney and can lead to ischemia and acute kidney failure. In the brain, a small cavity called a lacune is an ischemic cavity that can arise due to brain necrosis, due to arteriolosclerosis. [15] [16] Cause. It can be caused by chronic benign (essential) hypertension [17] malignant hypertension. [4] [18]
The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage. [16] Prefreeze phase: involves the cooling of tissues without ice crystal formation. [16] Freeze-thaw phase: ice-crystals form, resulting in cellular damage and death ...
The most frequent cause of hospitalization for diabetic patients is due to foot infections. [3] Symptoms may include pus from a wound, redness, swelling, pain, warmth, tachycardia, or tachypnea. [4] Complications can include infection of the bone, tissue death, amputation, or sepsis. [2] They are common and occur equally frequently in males and ...
Necrobiosis lipoidica is a rare, chronic skin condition predominantly associated with diabetes mellitus (known as necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum or NLD). [1] It can also occur in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis or without any underlying conditions ( idiopathic ). [ 2 ]